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Azelaic acid is a dicarboxylic acid used to treat mild to moderate acne by decreasing inflammation and redness. It is also an antioxidant that can neutralize free radicals. Azelaic acid is available in topical creams and gels, and can be used once or twice a day. It kills bacteria on the skin that causes acne and assists with cellular turnover as an exfoliant. Azelaic acid is often combined with oral antibiotics or hormonal therapy for acne treatment. It is safe to use every day and is a good option for those with sensitive or dry skin. However, if you have oily skin, salicylic acid may be a better choice. Retinol and azelaic acid have different roles, with retinol assisting in cell renewal and azelaic acid in bacteria and inflammation reduction.
Niacinamide is a form of vitamin B3 that is often used topically to treat skin conditions like acne, inflammation, and hyperpigmentation. It can also be taken orally to prevent vitamin B3 deficiency and related conditions such as pellagra. Niacinamide has multiple benefits when applied to skin, including boosting collagen production to smooth wrinkles and reduce fine lines, fighting acne, and improving skin tone. It is generally well-tolerated, but some people may experience side effects such as dryness, redness, and irritation.
Hyaluronic acid is a natural substance found in the fluids in the eyes and joints, it acts as a cushion and lubricant in the joints and other tissues. It holds 1000x its weight in water, making it an excellent hydrator and is a common ingredient in skincare products. Hyaluronic acid is also known for alleviating dry skin, reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles and speeding up wound healing. It is composed of disaccharide repeats of D-glucuronic acid (GlcUA) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) joined alternately by β-1, 3 and β-1, 4 glycosidic bonds.